Task 1: Your task is to write an analysis of at least three different radio commercials. you should use the information and the headings below to help you structure your analysis and click on the links below to listen to a variety of advertisements…..
The Toyota radio advertisement clearly uses a complex idea as the audience must listen carefully to the complete advert to make the connection between the two men speaking, unsuccessfully avoiding the man they are speaking about, and the use of the satellite navigation in the car which is being advertised. This link uses a humorous tone to make the advert less serious and make the listeners laugh, which is possibly a stereotype of the language register (middle-aged males who work in an office) so that the advert appeals to them. The scene in which the advert is set in is in an office and adds to the humorous tone as we interpret the two men as being at work- where they shouldn't be doing this. The tones and pitches of the males in the advert imitates the man they are talking about, adding to the humorous tone as we know that it isn't their real voices. The advert is also fictional, using a narative to advertise the product. The narative of a conversation scene between the two males is easy to relate to as it is a situation many listeners may have been in before. The narative helps us remember the advert and therefore the product. The voice at the end of the advert uses a more serious tone, so that the audience will clearly understand
The Jaffa Cakes advert is clearly a pastiche of the show, 'Big Brother,' as the voice of the 'Jaffa Cakes' is imitating Davina- the presenter's- style of presenting the show. This will appeal to it's language register of young people, which are the common audience of the show 'Big Brother.' This target audience will understand this link and find the advert quite funny as it uses this irony to help appeal to the target audience- who will commonly find this type of advert amusing as it combines two things they enjoy, references to football and Big Brother. The voice at the end of the advert may remind the listeners of the footballer, Steven Gerrard- therefore adding a humorous element as it sounds as if he is speaking on behalf of the jaffa cakes. This advert also uses a phone call situation between the supposed real woman who answers the hotel's phone and the Jaffa Cakes to add a more real-life element to the advert as this 'prank call' situation is easy to relate to by this target audience. The tone and pitch of the voice of 'Davina/ Jaffa Cakes' is very low pitched, connoting a very serious conversation with important information. This adds to the humor of the advert as the content of the speech is actually not serious, adding irony to make the advert humorous.
The advert for 'Think!' road safety campaign uses serious tone as the context and message being given across is also serious and a humorous tone would be inappropriate as it would undermine the seriousness of the message. The tone and pitch of the voice is very even and medium-pitched having a calming effect on the message. The voice is also that of a woman's, using the stereotype that a woman's voice is very calming and reassuring to convey the serious message. It also uses received pronunciation and no obvious dialect or accent to add to the serious tone and make the advert usable across the country- keeping it unbiased from any particular area of the country. The overlay of the two messages at once backs up the main message of the advert as it gives us an example of trying to listen to two things at once. As the listener, we try and decipher the messages as they are played but only fully understand this after it is repeated more than once.
The advert for Alton Towers jobs uses a male's voice which is quite low pitched and faced paced to connote excitement and fun. The voiceover has a very professional tone which connotes that the company is very prestigious and is professional itself. The voiceover is also very well known making the company and himself seem more trustworthy as we have heard his voice on other adverts, combined with his use of received pronunciation, this adds a very reliable feel to the advert therefore making us think that the company itself is also trustworthy.
The ambience in the advert connotes being on a roller coaster as the noise of rails and people screaming is playing under the voiceover. This fast and exciting scene makes the advert lighthearted and fun as it is an unusual place to set an advert. The pitch and tone of the voiceover changes when the sound effects indicate that they are going up and down a slope and this connotes excitement as the voiceover continues to speak as his words become more a scream. This adds fun which will appeal to the target audience of young adults as it is advertising for jobs and the location and lighthearted tone of the advert will appeal to younger people. This advert will only be shown for a short time as vacancies will be filled in quickly and the advert will no longer be needed.
The next advert is for a scrap metal merchant and uses a female's voice which has a soft and sensual tone with emphasis on some words to create innuendos. The whole advert has a very seductive tone using a burlesque style music bed to create a very sexual tone which may appeal to the very narrow audience of male trades people. The advert is quite comical as it is quite ironic as it uses a glamorous voice and tone to advertise a very un-glamorous product- scrap metal. By using this, the voiceover is juxtaposed against the product as they contrast each other is terms of glamour, adding to the humorous tone which will appeal to the target audience.
The next advert for FCO services and uses the voices of two young adults/teenagers. Both voices use received pronunciation to make the advert relatable to by people from anywhere in the country and to make sure that it is clear to understand. The male's voice is quite low pitched and the females is quite high pitched and the use of both a male and female voiceovers will enable the company to reach a wider audience as both males and females will feel they cab relate it By using the voices of teenagers, it also helps make the advert easy to relate to as the target audience will be for young people looking for college-type courses. The voices are both quite teenage-like as they speak using a chatty and informal tone which is also relatable to by the target audience. The sound effects and music bed of computer games seem lighthearted and fun, making the advert and company being advertised appear more fun, therefore making it more appealing to its target audience.
Notes on radio advertisements
ADVERT ONE- JOBS AT ALTON TOWERS
VOICE
Low pitch-male
Fast pace
Professional tone- well know voiceover makes company prestigious and trustworthy since we know his voice
RP accent
AMBIENCE AND CONNOTATIONS
Roller-coaster rails- fast and excited. It seems lighthearted
Pitch and tone changed, when the sound effects indicate that he is going down a slope
TARGET AUDIENCE
Young adults- advertising a job
Lighthearted and fun tones appeal to younger people
ADVERT TWO- ERIC FRANCE SCRAP METAL
VOICE
Woman's voice- seductive theme
Soft and sensual tone
Emphasis and stress on the innuendos
SOUNDTRACK
Burlesque music
Connotations of seduction
TONE AND MOOD
Glamorous tone and female voice are ironic as they are juxtaposed against the product being advertised- scrap metal
Comical- ironic
TARGET AUDIENCE
Tradesmen- narrow audience
Task 2: Create 2 very short commercials (15 seconds) use a different style and purpose for each one. Try and make the style and purpose very obvious and specify which type of radio statio you will be advertising on and why?
15 second advert for a florists-
It will be informational as it will inform the audience of the new shop and be seasonal for valentines day. I will place this on a local radio station such as PGFM or Radio Leeds as it is advertising a local shop and these radio stations will reach to listeners who live nearby the shop.
VO- Remember last valentines day? Those supermarket-bought flowers just didn't quite cut it did they? Don't settle for second best for your loved one, at Daisy Chain florists we have beautiful bouquets for all price ranges starting from as little as a fiver that'll make her day . Find us on Church Road, Pudsey opposite the post office. Daisy Chain florists- we look forward to seeing you soon!
15 second advert for a new hot drink-
It will be advertising the product short term. I will place this advert on a regional radio station such as BBC 1 or 2 or Real Radio as the product is available for people all over the country.
VO1- Brr, it's freezing out there, fancy a cuppa?
VO2- Hmm, not really, isn't there anything else rather than tea or coffee?
VO1- Ooh! Yeah! There's that new cocco- mint and strawberry drink from The Hot Drinks Company, less than 100 calories and tastes great!
VO2- Yeah, sounds delicious and less than 100 calories! Keeps up with the summer diet aswell!
VO3- The new cocco-mint and strawberry hot drink from the Hot Drinks Company. Tastes great, without the guilty feeling and boring taste!
15 second advert that breaks the codes-
The advert will break the CAP codes and be advertising a spot cream.
The codes it will break are:
1- Claims must not mislead- It will give untrue and un-provable information.
2- Racial discrimination- It will include discrimination of a race(s).
3- Guarantees- It will guarantee something that it cannot.
Script:
Its back! 'Spot Away'- the spot cream perfect for young, white teens that clears skin in just 30 minutes! We guarantee that after just one use, your skin will be free of spots forever! 'Spot-Away' is the market leader in facial skin care- you can not buy a better product so buy now before it's too late to save your face! 'Spot-away' -the best spot treatment you can buy!
Radio advert for my 'hot drinks company':
Radio advert for my 'flower shop':
Radio advert for 'Spot Away' spot cream: (Breaks codes)
Radio is regulated by 4 main companies, who each make sure that what is broadcast is suitable for the audience. These companies are:
An independent regulator created to check that all advertisements are appropriate for broadcasting.
The Radio Advertising Clearance Centre is the advertising body for commercial radio which is funded by commercial radio stations who pay fees.
Complaints can be made OfCom by the public if they feel that a comment made or an advert is inappropriate or offends the listeners, OfCom will then investigate the claim and can place high fines on the radio station itself, give warnings and even terminate the station's license. They also deal with sponsorships
The BCAP Radio Advertising Standards Code sets out the rules that govern advertisements on any radio station licensed by Ofcom. The rules are framed to ensure that advertisements are ‘legal, decent, honest and truthful’ and do not mislead or cause harm or serious or widespread offence.
My third radio advert has broken the CAP codes as I have included many untrue and offensive comments in the advert.
The codes it has broken are as follows:
1- Claims must not mislead.
It has given untrue and un-provable information such as, "You can't buy a better product," This is a misleading claim which cannot be proved and misleads listeners into believing that this product is the absolute greatest product, even though this is untrue and cannot be backed up by evidence.
2- Racial discrimination.
It has included discrimination of a race(s). - My advert discriminates against races other than 'white' as it says, "The spot cream perfect for young white teens..." This is racist against many listeners and would be offensive and inappropriate to broadcast.
3- Guarantees.
It has guaranteed something that it cannot. My advert says, "We guarantee that after just one use your skin will be free of spots forever" This is an untrue claim which cannot be backed up by evidence and therefore breaks the guarantees CAP code.
Task 3: Watch the video below.
The Chief Executive of Galaxy explains his role and how the sales team works.
Describe the following…
- How is the sales team divided up?
- What would happen if a company like Coca-cola wanted to advertise with Galaxy?
- What does CPT mean and how does it help advertisers negotiate a price with their client?
- On average how much would a national advert cost per week?
- How many weeks would Galaxy advise their client to run the advert for and why?
- In what other ways could a client advertise with Galaxy aside from radio adverts?
The Galaxy sales team is divided up into regional sectors consisting of a London, Manchester and Leeds sales teams, the Leeds team focus on the regional area and create more local adverts for companies such as nightclubs, car dealerships and public services. They also produce adverts for the NHS. Galaxy's target demographic is 20-30 year old, mainly females, and adverts for companies who fit this primary demographic are used for the majority of airtime as their adverts will be most effective in reaching the target audience. However, their listeners are not entirely of this demographic, so adverts are also created for companies who have an older target audience.
An international company such as Coca Cola will independently produce their own worldwide and national campaign which are them broadcast over national radio stations, including Galaxy by contacting a national sales team such as the one based in London.
CPT (cost per thousand) is the cost of the advert per thousand people that will hear it. The cost for the advert is worked out based on the number of impacts (number of times it is heard by each listener,) that it will have. It helps Galaxy's sales team work out a price for the advertisers which reflects the number of people likely to hear it and therefore it's impact into the target audience. The cost for national and regional companies to produce an advert is the same, but is effected by the length of it's airtime, how long it runs for, how many times it is played and the company's credit rating. The average cost for producing a national advert on Galaxy is £4000 a week for a 3 month period, they also recommend spending 15% of the airtime cost on the production of the advert (£600).
Galaxy recommend that companies run their advert for at least 3 months, as the average listener listens to Galaxy for 8 hours a week and at a similar/the same time, it must be played throughout the day for it to have maximum impacts and reach as many listeners as possible. Another reason for the 3 month broadcast period is that listeners need at least 3 or 4 impacts of the advert to remember it, so hearing an advert once will not make an impact on them, it will require a longer length of time and repeated plays for us to remember it.
Other ways to advertise with Galaxy include advertising sections of the radio's broadcast schedule including the weather, traffic and showbiz. They can also use new media such as Galaxy's online website to advertise their brand/product.
Task 4: You are creating an advert for a new beer that is aimed at working men. Click on the hyperlink below and go through the process of finding an appropriate voice-over. Explain your actions and explain why you ended up choosing your particular voice-over.
I have chosen the voice of Darren Altman to use for the beer advert aimed at working men. I chose this voiceover as the primary target audience for a beer advert will be working men, so a posh accent using received pronunciation wouldn't allow the audience to relate to the voiceover and therefore the product's perceived brand image. The voiceover I have chosen has a deep voice which connotes a friendly and trustworthy image of the product. He also sounds of a similar age as the target audience which makes the audience able to relate to him, therefore thinking that he is like they are, so the product must be something that they like. He also has little regional accent, making it able for use nationally if required.
Task 4 cont: Listen to the advert below and use it to explain why voice-overs are so important in radio advertising….
Voiceovers are very important in radio advertising as we cannot see the advert, so we use the voiceovers (as well as music bed etc..) to create our own brand image via what each voice implies and connotes. Each voiceover has very different connotations, as a woman's voice can sound motherly and caring or seductive- very different connotations are implied and each give a different perceived product image. Men's voiceovers also connote very different things dependent on the tone, pitch and speed and therefore they all connote and imply different meanings, from friendly, an expert and serious. Dependent on the voiceover, the product/brand image changes as we have different perceptions of each tone of voice.
Task 6: Identify a client and the sector your client is working in. Describe in no more than 200 words how radio advertising can have a positive effect on your client’s business.
The client we are creating a radio advertisement for is the company, 'Mortgages Only'- a mortgage company who provide life assurance, building and contents insurance and mortgage payment protection. This business is in the financial sector of the market and would like an advert to promote their company and it's services.
By producing an advert for this company we will be reminding existing customers of the business, therefore reminding them of the service they provided. It will also inform potential new customers the contact details, location, special offers and services provided by the business. By using a radio advert, it will allow the business to closely target the correct demographic, which includes first time buyers. This means the advert can be placed at drive-time to target this specifically audience as they travel to and from work.
The radio advert will also associate the business with a successful radio station, meaning that listeners have a higher perception of the business as it has a radio profile.
Task 7: Write up your clients’s brief. Explain the service or product they are offering, who they want to sell to and why.
Background/Overview
Andrew Wilson & Co- mortgage company providing residential, commercial and buy-to-let mortgages.
The advert will be aimed at first time buyers and homeowners who need a mortgage or to remortgage.
What is the objective and purpose of the advert?
The aim to produce an advert which advertises the company to it's target audience (see above) and targets this market to promote the business and it's services to them specifically.
Target Audience
The target audience is first time buyers in their early-mid twenties and homeowners aged 35 plus who are looking to remortgage. There is a small market for commercial companies in the business' target market, but the primary target audience will be residential customers.
What's the single most important thing to say?
The company contact details and general information on the services they provide,enabling the customer to contact them and know about the company.
What are the supporting rational and emotional 'reasons to buy'?
The company prides itself on being able to get exclusive deals. Their unique selling point is that they achieve competitive prices from companies. Value and saving money is important to consumers in difficult economic times.
Details that will assist the creative team
Consumer insights: Vox-pops of previous customers saying positive things about the company. These can be sourced from the feedback left by customers, although it would be recommended to get permission to use this feedback from the customer who left it.
Description of brand personality: (Website tagline) Helping to open doors. (A reputable mortgage company.)
Positioning taglines: You and your home deserve... (coercive)
Let us take the stress out of mortgaging your home... (Reward)
With Andrew Wilson & Co, you get the mortgage, without the hassle (reward)
Creative thought starters: Your business is our business
Let us help you with your mortgage...
Direct response offers: N/A
Mandatory Details:
Andrew Wilson & Co
6 Hawksworth Street
Ilkley
West Yorkshire
LS29 9DU
Tel: 01943 609609
Budget:
1 play per day= £10
3 plays per day= £20
5 plays per day= £30
Task 8: Produce 2 proposals for scripts based in different 2 different styles and then report back to your client
Proposal one-
The first proposal includes a role-play based script in which a group of aged 20-30 year old women and men are talking about the problems with their mortgage. They then discuss how Andrew Wilson & Co can help them and resolve their problems. This script will have to be quite an informal tone as it is in a conversational style which will both appeal to listeners of a similar age group as those speaking and also be an easy advert to form personal relationships and personal identity from the uses and gratification theory. The target audience is either mid-20's first time buyers and/or middle aged (30-50) people looking to remortgage their homes. Therefore, this advert will appeal to younger people if we use the voices of this age group. Possible ideas for a conversation follows the basic ideas of a woman talking to her friends (both male and female to appeal to both genders) about her holiday/honeymoon/university. The woman will then discuss briefly how she now has to start looking for a mortgage and how stressful it is. One friend will then recommend Andrew Wilson & Co and inform the woman (and therefore the listeners) about the company and repeated inform her how to contact them. The final part of the advert could then be repeated information of how to get in touch ie- repeated contact numbers and email addresses which could be voiced by another, more formal voiceover to separate it from the conversation in the rest of the advert and use repetition to emphasise the contact details. The music bed of this advert would be string music which connotes a positive tone. The ambience could be cups clinking to indicate making a cup of tea, a television on in the background and distant chattering to indicate a home situation, which would be easy to relate to by this target audience.
Proposal two-
The second proposal uses a more factual approach to the advert- with a voiceover informing the audience directly about Andrew Wilson & Co. This would use various language techniques such as rhetorical questions and the pronoun, "you" to address the reader directly, which would make the advert feel more personal to each listener so they feel the company wants to help. The voiceover could either be from an outside party (someone telling you about the benefits of the company, ie-"Andrew Wilson & Co are a company who will...") or being the voice of someone from the company, in the style of, "Here at Andrew Wilson & Co..." This idea will include information about the services provided and the benefits, as well as repeated contact information.We will use a woman's voice for the voiceover as the audience are more likely to trust a female's voice. This will include a positive music bed with string instruments which connote a positive but more formal tone and possible vox-pops from previous customers if the company can make these available. The ambience of this advert will be kept to a minimum as this is being read to the reader with no fictitious story line or role play involved.
Task 9: Complete first draft of script and then consult the client and document feedback.
After sending both proposals to our client, it was decided by the company that targeting first time buyers wouldn't be as effective as targeting customers who are in need of re-mortgaging their home. Therefore the advert will have the primary target audience of homeowners of both genders, aged 35-50.
Script:
Characters- 1 Male and 3 female colleges
Setting- Office lunch break, 4 colleges talking whilst at the office.
Sound effects- Fax and telephone noises, phones ringing, typing, diegetic sound of music, concluding non-diegetic music bed, doors opening, footsteps, warping of radio noise.
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WOMAN 1 (ANDREA)- Ooh, I need a sit down!
WOMAN 2 (NAMELESS)- What have you been up to at the weekend then?
WOMAN 1 (ANDREA)- Trying to find a good mortgage company- we're wanting to remortgage our house
WOMAN 2 (NAMELESS)- Oh, we need to do that, where have you looked?
WOMAN 1 (ANDREA)- I've searched everywhere trying to find the best deal, but it's hard to choose which one!
(Door opens, footsteps increase in volume)
WOMAN 1 (ANDREA) - Hi Steve, what you got there?
MALE (STEVE)- Hiya, erm, bacon sarnie from the canteen downstairs, you should get yourself one.
WOMAN 2 (NAMELESS)- We're too busy looking for a mortgage company, Andrea's wanting to remortgage, know any places where she can get the best deal?
MALE (STEVE)- Janet knows one, who did you use Janet?
WOMAN 3 (JANET)- Oh yeah, I used Andrew Wilson & Co when I needed to remortgage my home, they found me the best deal to suit my circumstances and were ever so friendly. You should give them a try.
WOMAN 1 (ANDREA)- Thanks Janet, they sound great!
WOMAN 3 (JANET)- Oh yeah, they were. By remortgaging to a lower interest rate they managed to save me a significant amount over the term of the mortgage.
(Non-diegetic music bed fades in which connotes a more formal tone)
VO Male- For mortgages you can choose how Andrew Wilson & Co are paid: pay a fee, usually 5% of the loan amount, or we can accept commission from the lender. For Buildings and Contents Insurance we usually offer products from a limited panel of providers
VO female- Andrew Wilson & Co- advisors on mortgages, protection and general insurance. Offering the competitive deals on mortgages and buildings and contents insurance. Contact us now on 01943 609609, thats 01943 609609 to see what we can do for you.
VO male- Andrew Wilson & Co- helping to open doors.
*END OF ADVERT*
Task 10: Complete final draft of radio script and print of sufficient copies for voice actors.
As the advert we are creating is for a mortgages company, the scripting must be checked by the FSA (financial services alliance) for any legal terminology which must be included (the small print,) this meant our advert had to be sent off to this company to be checked twice, with amendments which need to be added sent back to us. These were then added back into the script, and the final advert sent off for approval.
After creating the advert following the script, we decided that the advert was too long, so we made the decision to cut out a large section of speech at the start of the advert. This made it about 45 seconds long, which is more appropriate as an advert.
Task 11: Create a radio commercial for your chosen client
Andrew Wilson & Company Advert
Task 12: Complete an evaluation using the template. Be sure to include the feedback you have received from your client.
Purpose:
Our initial purpose was to create an almost-professional sounding advert for a real-life company which could be played on the school radio station, PGFM. I think that we have achieved this goal as our advert does sound almost-professional and the client was very impressed with it.
Feedback:
Feedback from our advert initially showed that it was too long and the 'drama' part of it at the start was too long, so after this was revealed, we decided to cut sections of the advert down to make it shorter and more concise.
Collecting feedback from our peers and people of the target demographic, we found out that the length of our advert made the advert less effective as it took too long to get to the point, making the advertising of the company less effective. Other feedback concluded that our music bed was chosen well and that the levels of sound were really good, as the speech and music could be heard clearly throughout. Other feedback revealed that the actual content of our advert worked well as it passed the message of what the company was and what it's services were in a clear and professional manner.
Feedback from the client:
"The brief received to date suits or requirements and feels to be just what we would look for in an advert. I feel it puts the right message over in a relaxing way in which the recipients will wish to do business with ourselves."
Peer feedback:
The voice over end of the advert is clear easy to understand which makes the message of the advert summarising clear and precise. The voices in the advert are also very enthusiatsic which show the character's emotions. This adds a positive image of the company as the character sound happy about them. The music is calming and clear which adds a happy product image. The disadvantages of the advert is that the volumes at the start are at different levels.
Representation Issues:
The advert we created was intended to advertise the client, so it therefore had to show their company in a very positive light. Therefore, we included positive messages about the company in order to advertise the company most effectively. In our treatment, we discussed that using a female's voice would be most effective as this is often connoted to be the most trusting and appealing- which we wanted our advert to be. Although most of the voices in the advert are female, we included male voices as well to appeal to both genders. We chose not to include a range of ethnic groups to make sure that none of the target audience and listeners could be offended, as by using these in an over-expressive way, it could be perceived as being sarcastic.
The music we chose to include in our advert was chosen to add a happy and positive tone to the advert and therefore connote to listeners that the company Andrew Wilson & Co are happy and positive too. Our client's company was a legal firm, so therefore some legal language had to be included due to regulations, but this was given to us by the FSA and we had to make sure this was included. However, in the scenario parts of the advert, (which we scripted,) we chose to include little technical lexis as not to exclude the target audience.
Technical issues:
Some of the voiceovers we included were quiet initially, so had to be amplified in the program, Audacity, we then had to raise and lower the music bed to ensure that the voices could be heard loud enough throughout. We also had technical problems including the speed and pitch of some people's voices, as some of the people we chose to voice our characters seemed nervous when being recorded and changed their voice to one which seemed unnatural and staged.
Conventions/ Narative:
The genre of our advert was scenario which had slight humor, but stayed mainly serious throughout as the company we had to make it for was a legal firm, who wanted a more serious and informative tone.
Conventions of this genre are:
- Repeated information
- Light and casual music bed
- Formal voiceovers at the end to summarise the details
- Legal lexis included
In a professionally made advert, many things would be the same as our advert, such as:
- Legal lexis used
- Repeated contact information
- Formal voiceovers at the end to summarise the details
However, professionally made products would have the advantage of more funding than us in which they could use to fund professional actor's to voice the advert and better equipment of a professional standard. They would also have more time than we did in order to create the advert and would have experience and prior knowledge of producing radio adverts.
Own performance/ Self Evaluation:
I have built on my skills of using the programs Audacity and Garageband and now feel more confident in being able to convert files into videos and MP3s using the correct format. I am also more confident using the voice recorders. I feel that I have got quicker when importing and editing files too, as I used to struggle with this sometimes. I think my weaknesses are in looking at the larger picture of the advert as a whole, as I focused on the scripted version without realising that this turned out to be infact too long to use. I think that if I had noticed this earlier, it would have saved us a lot of time in making the advert.
I think Christy and I worked well as a team as we divided the work up equally and worked well in finding out what needed to be done by who.
Future Targets:
If I were to make an advert again, I would make a shorter script and regularly evaluate how good the advert is, rather than making mistakes which could have been sorted out earlier on in the production process.
To distribute our advert effectively, we could play it on the school radio station, PGFM an don the internet of this station. It could also be played on the company's website.
Spiffing stuff - superbly organised analysis expressed with machine gun efficiency.
ReplyDeleteTargets
A mere quibble - use the terms audio signifier and connotes in your analysis.
Distinction - well done.